Simian siv virus

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Search Search Only Director's Album. Toggle navigation. In rhesus monkeys and other susceptible nonhuman primate species e. The clinical course of this infection in monkeys, like that of AIDS in humans, is complicated by various opportunistic infections 7. SIV also causes a primary encephalopathy with many of the features of HIV-associated encephalopathy 8. SIV proteins, especially the viral core proteins i. SIV isolates are clearly distinct from Type D primate retrovirus i. SIV can be isolated from a variety of tissues and body fluids-including blood, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and parenchyma tissues-of infected nonhuman' primates.

Limited data exist concerning the presence or concentration of virus in semen, cervical secretions, saliva, urine, breast milk, and amniotic fluids of experimentally or naturally infected nonhuman primates.

However, the virus apparently is rarely isolated from semen, urine, and saliva despite repeated attempts at isolation M. Daniel, N. Lerche, personal communication. There is no evidence to indicate that SIV is transmitted by the respiratory route N. Lerche, H. McClure, M. Daniel, personal communication.

The cell tropism of SIV in culture depends partially on the strain of virus propagated and conditions of cell culture. Strains of SIV have been successfully cultured in human lymphocyte cell lines e. SIV appears to be primarily tropic for CD4 T4 -positive leukocytes and has not been successfully propagated in B-lymphocyte cell lines e.

SIV antigen has been demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods in lymph node sinus histiocytes, macrophages, and giant cells 14 as well as in macrophage-derived cells in brain tissue from diseased monkeys 8.

Limited data exist concerning the reactivation of Herpesvirus simiae B virus or other latent infectious agents in SIV infected macaque monkeys. However, all macaque monkeys not proven to be free of B virus infection, regardless of SIV infection status, should be regarded as infected with B virus and handled according to published guidelines The routine screening of macaques for evidence of B virus infection or SIV infection is not recommended.

However, in situations in which studies may cause immunosuppression e. The risk, if any, of human infection with SIV has not been defined. No serologic or virolcgic evidence of infection in humans exists; specific precautions in handling SIV are based on recommendations developed for HIV and other lentiviruses. No licensed tests exist for serologic evaluation of humans exposed to SIV.

The absence of licensed tests complicates medical surveillance and investigations of the virus infection following exposure to SIV. However, standardized serologic procedures that test for SIV antibody are used in laboratories performing research with the virus. Furthermore, gene ampli-fication i. Based on these events, development of specific and sensitive tests is under way. In this setting, the skin especially when scratches, cuts, abrasions, dermatitis, or other lesions are present and mucous membranes of the eye, nose, and mouth should be considered as potential pathways for virus entry; contact of these sites with SIV-containing materials should be considered an expo-sure to SIV.

Biosafery Levels. Procedures involving cultures of SlY should be conducted in biological safety cabinets or other physical containment equipment. Inoculation Precautions. In the research laboratory, inoculation of SIV-containing material represents an important potential route of exposure to SIV in humans. The use of syringes, needles, glass, and other sharp objects should be avoided, but when their use is essential, needles and disposable cutting instruments should be discarded after use into a lidded puncture-resistant container located in the work area.

Needles should not be resheathed, bent, broken, removed, or otherwise manipulated by hand. Latex or vinyl gloves should be worn by all personnel engaged in activities that may involve direct skin contact with infectious specimens, cultures, or tissues.

Gloves should not be washed or disinfected for reuse; reuse of such gloves may cause "wicking" i. When gloves have become visibly contaminated, they should be carefully removed and, after the hands are washed, replaced with a fresh pair of gloves.

Handwashing with soap and water immediately after infectious materials are handled and work is completed, even when gloves have been worn, should be routine practice. Laboratory coats, gowns, or uniforms should be worn by laboratory workers when engaged in any work involving SlY or materials known or suspected to contain SIV. Clothing that becomes contaminated with SIV or SIV-containing materials should be decontaminated before being laundered or discarded.

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